ArticleThyroid axis function during the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual syndrome
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Thyroid hormone concentrations in relation to age, sex, pregnancy, and perinatal loss in bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus)
2014, General and Comparative EndocrinologyCitation Excerpt :The results in small populations of wild dolphins and whales correspond with a transient, mild condition of hypothyroidism during early lactation reported in humans (Leung et al., 2011), sheep, goats (Todini, 2007), and horses (Katovich et al., 1974) and support the concept that thyroid hormone concentrations are influenced by stage of lactation as reported in cattle (Gueorguiev, 1999) and sheep (Colodel et al., 2010). Reportedly, higher concentrations of T3 have been detected during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase in women (Girdler et al., 1995) and ewes (Todini, 2007), and higher total and free T4 was observed during estrus in ewes and goats (Todini, 2007). Apparent sex-related differences in thyroid hormones have been attributed to estrogen dominance associated with production of thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) and metabolism of thyroid hormones in adult females (Ain et al., 1987).
Mood and thyroid immunity assessed by ultrasonographic imaging in a primary health care
2007, Journal of Affective DisordersPremenstrual syndrome
1998, Psychiatric Clinics of North AmericaPremenstrual syndrome
2008, The LancetCitation Excerpt :Other possible risk factors for PMS are high body-mass index,59 stress,7 and traumatic events.60 With respect to hormones other than the sex steroids, thyroid indices are reported to be more variable in women with PMS than in controls.61,62 Moreover, as in anxiety and mood disorders, changes in circadian rhythms have been noted in PMS.