Psychoneuroendocrinology
Volume 33, Issue 8 , Pages 1061-1068 , September 2008

Salivary cortisol and suicidal behavior—A follow-up study

  • Daniel Lindqvist

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, Kioskgatan 19, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +46 46 173840; fax: +46 46 173844.
  • ,
  • Anders Isaksson

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Chemistry, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund Sweden
  • ,
  • Lil-Träskman-Bendz

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, Kioskgatan 19, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
  • ,
  • Lena Brundin

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, Kioskgatan 19, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden

Received 3 March 2008 ,Revised 9 May 2008 ,Accepted 11 May 2008.

References 

  1. Adler GK, Manfredsdottir VF, Creskoff KW. Neuroendocrine abnormalities in fibromyalgia. Curr. Pain Headache Rep. 2002;6(4):289–298
  2. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. third ed. (DSM-III). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press, Inc.; 1987;
  3. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. fourth ed. (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press, Inc.; 1994;
  4. Antonijevic IA. Depressive disorders—is it time to endorse different pathophysiologies?. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31(1):1–15
  5. Asberg M, Montgomery SA, Perris C, Schalling D, Sedvall G. A comprehensive psychopathological rating scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 1978;271:5–27
  6. Asberg M, Schalling D. Construction of a new psychiatric rating instrument, the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale (CPRS). Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1979;3(4):405–412
  7. Badrick E, Kirschbaum C, Kumari M. The relationship between smoking status and cortisol secretion. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007;92(3):819–824
  8. Banki CM, Karmacsi L, Bissette G, Nemeroff CB. Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides in mood disorder and dementia. J. Affect. Disord. 1992;25(1):39–45
  9. Bao AM, Meynen G, Swaab DF. The stress system in depression and neurodegeneration: focus on the human hypothalamus. Brain Res. Rev. 2008;57(2):531–553
  10. Beck AT, Davis JH, Frederick CJ, Perlin S, Pokorny AD, Schulman RE. Classification and nomenclature. In:  Resnik HLP,  Hathorne BC editor. Suicide Prevention in the Seventies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1972;p. 7–12
  11. Brown RP, Mason B, Stoll P, Brizer D, Kocsis J, Stokes PE, et al. Adrenocortical function and suicidal behavior in depressive disorders. Psychiatry Res. 1986;17(4):317–323
  12. Brundin L, Bjorkqvist M, Petersen A, Traskman-Bendz L. Reduced orexin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of suicidal patients with major depressive disorder. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17(9):573–579
  13. Catalan R, Gallart JM, Castellanos JM, Galard R. Plasma corticotropin-releasing factor in depressive disorders. Biol. Psychiatry. 1998;44(1):15–20
  14. Claes SJ. CRH, stress, and major depression: a psychobiological interplay. Vitam. Horm. 2004;69:117–150
  15. Coryell W, Young E, Carroll B. Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and mortality in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2006;142(1):99–104
  16. Croes S, Merz P, Netter P. Cortisol reaction in success and failure condition in endogenous depressed patients and controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1993;18(1):23–35
  17. Ehlert U, Gaab J, Heinrichs M. Psychoneuroendocrinological contributions to the etiology of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and stress-related bodily disorders: the role of the hypothalamus-pituitary–adrenal axis. Biol. Psychol. 2001;57(1–3):141–152
  18. Ehnvall A, Sjogren M, Zachrisson OC, Agren H. HPA axis activation determined by the CRH challenge test in patients with few versus multiple episodes of treatment-refractory depression. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2004;254(6):349–355
  19. Fries E, Hesse J, Hellhammer J, Hellhammer DH. A new view on hypocortisolism. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005;30(10):1010–1016
  20. Geracioti TD, Orth DN, Ekhator NN, Blumenkopf B, Loosen PT. Serial cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in healthy and depressed humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1992;74(6):1325–1330
  21. Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Altham PM, Pearson J, Secher SM, Shiers HM. Adrenal secretion during major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds. i. Altered diurnal rhythms in salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) at presentation. Psychol. Med. 1996;26(2):245–256
  22. Gutteling BM, de Weerth C, Buitelaar JK. Prenatal stress and children's cortisol reaction to the first day of school. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005;30(6):541–549
  23. Heim C, Ehlert U, Hellhammer DH. The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2000;25(1):1–35
  24. Heuser I, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F. The combined dexamethasone/CRH test: a refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1994;28(4):341–356
  25. Holsboer F. The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;23(5):477–501
  26. Houshyar H, Cooper ZD, Woods JH. Paradoxical effects of chronic morphine treatment on the temperature and pituitary–adrenal responses to acute restraint stress: a chronic stress paradigm. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2001;13(10):862–874
  27. Jacobsson L, von Knorring L, Mattsson B, Perris C, Edenius B, Kettner B, et al. The comprehesive psychopathological rating scale–cprs–in patients with schizophrenic syndromes. Inter-rater reliability and in relation to martens's-scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 1978;271:39–44
  28. Jokinen J, Carlborg A, Martensson B, Forslund K, Nordstrom AL, Nordstrom P. DST non-suppression predicts suicide after attempted suicide. Psychiatry Res. 2007;150(3):297–303
  29. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH. Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: an overview. Neuropsychobiology. 1989;22(3):150–169
  30. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH. Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1994;19(4):313–333
  31. Levine A, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R, Lewis JG, Weller A. Measuring cortisol in human psychobiological studies. Physiol. Behav. 2007;90(1):43–53
  32. Lindqvist D, Traskman-Bendz L, Vang F. Suicidal intent and the HPA-axis characteristics of suicide attempters with major depressive disorder and adjustment disorders. Arch. Suicide Res. 2008;12(3):197–207
  33. Lopez-Ibor JJ, Saiz-Ruiz J, Perez de los Cobos JC. Biological correlations of suicide and aggressivity in major depressions (with melancholia): 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and cortisol in cerebral spinal fluid, dexamethasone suppression test and therapeutic response to 5-hydroxytryptophan. Neuropsychobiology. 1985;14(2):67–74
  34. Maurer M, Kuny S, Woggon B, Dittrich A, von Luckner N. Comparison of the amp system and the cprs with regard to interrater reliability. Neuropsychobiology. 1984;12(1):27–33
  35. Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1979;134:382–389
  36. Oldehinkel AJ, van den Berg MD, Flentge F, Bouhuys AL, ter Horst GJ, Ormel J. Urinary free cortisol excretion in elderly persons with minor and major depression. Psychiatry Res. 2001;104(1):39–47
  37. Pariante CM. Depression, stress and the adrenal axis. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2003;15(8):811–812
  38. Peeters F, Nicholson NA, Berkhof J. Cortisol responses to daily events in major depressive disorder. Psychosom. Med. 2003;65(5):836–841
  39. Pfennig A, Kunzel HE, Kern N, Ising M, Majer M, Fuchs B, et al. Hypothalamus-pituitary–adrenal system regulation and suicidal behavior in depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 2005;57(4):336–342
  40. Pitchot W, Scantamburlo G, Pinto E, Hansenne M, Reggers J, Ansseau M, et al. Vasopressin-neurophysin and DST in major depression: relationship with suicidal behavior. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2008;42(8):684–688
  41. Pitts AF, Samuelson SD, Meller WH, Bissette G, Nemeroff CB, Kathol RG. Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, and oxytocin concentrations in treated patients with major depression and controls. Biol. Psychiatry. 1995;38(5):330–335
  42. Plotsky PM, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1998;21(2):293–307
  43. Roy A. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function and suicidal behavior in depression. Biol. Psychiatry. 1992;32(9):812–816
  44. Secunda SK, Cross CK, Koslow S, Katz MM, Kocsis J, Maas JW, et al. Biochemistry and suicidal behavior in depressed patients. Biol. Psychiatry. 1986;21(8–9):756–767
  45. Shah PJ, Ebmeier KP, Glabus MF, Goodwin GM. Cortical grey matter reductions associated with treatment-resistant chronic unipolar depression. Controlled magnetic resonance imaging study. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1998;172:527–532
  46. Spinazzi R, Andreis PG, Rossi GP, Nussdorfer GG. Orexins in the regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Pharmacol. Rev. 2006;58(1):46–57
  47. Sunnqvist, C., Westrin, A., Traskman-Bendz, L., 2008. Suicide attempters: biological stressmarkers and adverse life events. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. June 20.
  48. Swaab DF, Bao AM, Lucassen PJ. The stress system in the human brain in depression and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res. Rev. 2005;4(2):141–194
  49. Traskman L, Asberg M, Bertilsson L, Sjostrand L. Monoamine metabolites in CSF and suicidal behavior. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1981;38(6):631–636
  50. Traskman-Bendz L, Ekman R, Regnell G, Ohman R. HPA-related CSF neuropeptides in suicide attempters. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1992;2(2):99–106
  51. Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Kupfer DJ. Effects of gender and age on the levels and circadian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996;81(7):2468–2473
  52. Van Houdenhove B, Egle UT. Fibromyalgia: a stress disorder? Piecing the biopsychosocial puzzle together. Psychother. Psychosom. 2004;73(5):267–275
  53. Vingerhoets AJ, Ratliff-Crain J, Jabaaij L, Tilders FJ, Moleman P, Menges LJ. Self-reported stressors, symptom complaints and psychobiological functioning. ii. Psychoneuroendocrine variables. J. Psychosom. Res. 1996;40(2):191–203
  54. Von Knorring L, Strandman E. A comparison between “Cronholm-ottosson depression rating scale” and variables concerned with depressive symptomatology in “The comprehensive psychopathological rating scale–cprs”. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 1978;271:45–51
  55. Watson S, Gallagher P, Del-Estal D, Hearn A, Ferrier IN, Young AH. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function in patients with chronic depression. Psychol. Med. 2002;32(6):1021–1028
  56. Weibel L. Methodological guidelines for the use of salivary cortisol as biological marker of stress. Presse Med. 2003;32(18):845–851
  57. Westrin A, Ekman R, Regnell G, Traskman-Bendz L. A follow up study of suicide attempters: increase of CSF-somatostatin but no change in CSF-CRH. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001;11(2):135–143
  58. Westrin A, Frii K, Traskman-Bendz L. The dexamethasone suppression test and DSM-III-r diagnoses in suicide attempters. Eur. Psychiatry. 2003;18(7):350–355
  59. Westrin A, Nimeus A. The dexamethasone suppression test and CSF-5-hiaa in relation to suicidality and depression in suicide attempters. Eur. Psychiatry. 2003;18(4):166–171
  60. Wyller VB. The chronic fatigue syndrome—an update. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 2007;187:7–14
  61. Yerevanian BI, Feusner JD, Koek RJ, Mintz J. The dexamethasone suppression test as a predictor of suicidal behavior in unipolar depression. J. Affect. Disord. 2004;83(2–3):103–108

PII: S0306-4530(08)00129-7

doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.05.012

Psychoneuroendocrinology
Volume 33, Issue 8 , Pages 1061-1068 , September 2008