Blocking NMDA receptor signaling does not decrease hormonal counterregulation to hypoglycemia in humans

Summary 

In animals, blocking of glutamate signaling at the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor reduces the neuroendocrine counterregulation to hypoglycemia. Hence, it has been proposed that increased excitatory glutamatergic input to the hypothalamus signals enforced central nervous energy demand under conditions of reduced supply. We examined the effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine on hypoglycemia counterregulation in healthy humans. Hypoglycemic clamp experiments were performed in 10 healthy men after oral administration of 20mg memantine and placebo. Counterregulatory hormones were measured during baseline and a clamp period of 120min with hypoglycemia of 2.4mmol/l lasting for 50min. In addition, symptoms related to glycemic changes were assessed. Unexpectedly, the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia of adrenocorticotropin, cortisol and epinephrine were not decreased but tended to be increased by memantine, while norepinephrine and growth hormone were not affected. Glucagon levels were increased by memantine treatment during baseline and throughout the hypoglycemic period. After memantine administration, subjects also experienced more neuroglycopenic symptoms during hypoglycemia, whereas differences in autonomic symptoms did not reach significance. Contrasting with findings in animals, blocking the NMDA receptor does not decrease the counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in humans. Our data do not support the view that in humans, enhanced glutamate signaling during hypoglycemia supports the satisfaction of increased central nervous energy demands by enforcing hormonal counterregulation.

Abbreviations: NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate, HPA axis, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis

Keywords: Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia counterregulation, Glutamate signaling, NMDA receptor