Psychoneuroendocrinology
Volume 35, Issue 3 , Pages 329-338 , April 2010

Cortisol reactivity in young infants

Received 27 April 2009 ,Revised 10 July 2009 ,Accepted 10 July 2009.

References 

  1. Ball TM, Anderson D, Minto J, Halonen M. Cortisol circadian rhythms and stress responses in infants at risk of allergic disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006;117:306–311
  2. Beauchaine TP, Gatzke-Kopp L, Mead HK. Polyvagal Theory and developmental psychopathology: emotion dysregulation and conduct problems from preschool to adolescence. Biol. Psychol. 2007;74:174–184
  3. Braarud HC, Stormark KM. Maternal soothing and infant stress responses: soothing, crying and adrenocortical activity during inoculation. Inf. Behav. Dev. 2006;29:70–79
  4. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed.. New York: Hillsdale; 1988;
  5. Crockenberg SC, Leerkes EM. Infant and maternal behavior moderate reactivity to novelty to predict anxious behavior at 2.5 years. Dev. Psychopathol. 2006;18:17–34
  6. Crockenberg SC, Leerkes EM, Bárrig Jó PS. Predicting aggressive behavior in the third year from infant reactivity and regulation as moderated by maternal behavior. Dev. Psychopathol. 2008;20:37–54
  7. Davis EP, Granger DA. Developmental differences in infant salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol responses to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:795–804
  8. Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol. Bull. 2004;130:355–391
  9. Gunnar MR, Brodersen L, Krueger K, Rigatuso J. Dampening of adrenocortical responses during infancy: normative changes and individual differences. Child Dev. 1996;67:877–889
  10. Gunnar MR, Brodersen L, Nachmias M, Buss K, Rigatuso J. Stress reactivity and attachment security. Dev. Psychobiol. 1996;29:191–204
  11. Gunnar MR, Donzella B. In:  Lewis M,  Ramsay D editor. “Looking for the Roseta Stone”: An Essay on Crying, Soothing and Stress, Soothing and Stress. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1999;p. 39–76
  12. Gunnar M, Quevedo K. The neurobiology of stress and development. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2007;58:145–173
  13. Gunnar MR, Talge NM, Herrera A. Stressor paradigms in developmental studies: What does and does not work to produce mean increases in salivary cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:953–967
  14. Haley DW, Stansbury K. Infant stress and parent responsiveness: regulation of physiology and behavior during still-face and reunion. Child Dev. 2003;74:1534–1546
  15. Hansen AM, Garde AH, Persson R. Sources of biological and methodological variation in salivary cortisol and their impact on measurement among healthy adults: a review. Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest. 2008;68:448–458
  16. Hertsgaard L, Gunnar M, Erickson MF, Nachmias M. Adrenocortical responses to the strange situation in infants with disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships. Child Dev. 1995;66:1100–1106
  17. Jessop DS, Turner-Cobb JM. Measurement and meaning of salivary cortisol: a focus on health and disease in children. Stress. 2008;11:1–14
  18. Jin P. Toward a reconceptualization of the law of initial value. Psychol. Bull. 1992;111:176–184
  19. Lashansky G, Saenger P, Fishman K, Gautier T, Mayes D, Berg G, et al. Normative data for adrenal steroidogenesis in a healthy pediatric population: age- and sex-related changes after adrenocorticotropin stimulation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1991;73:674–686
  20. Lewis M, Thomas D. Cortisol release in infants in response to inoculation. Child Dev. 1990;61:50–59
  21. Lewis M, Ramsay DS, Kawakami K. Differences between Japanese infants and Caucasian American infants in behavioral and cortisol response to inoculation. Child Dev. 1993;64:1722–1731
  22. Lewis M, Ramsay DS. Developmental change in infants’ responses to stress. Child Dev. 1995;66:657–670
  23. Lipsey MW, Wilson DB. Practical Meta-Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2001;
  24. Mörelius E, Nelson N, Theodorsson E. Salivary cortisol and administration of concentrated oral glucose in newborn infants: improved detection limit and smaller sample volumes without glucose interference. Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest. 2004;64:113–118
  25. Mörelius E, Hellstrom-Westas L, Carlen C, Norman E, Nelson N. Is a nappy change stressful to neonates?. Early Hum Dev. 2006;82:669–676
  26. Mörelius E, Theodorsson E, Nelson N. Stress at three-month immunization: parents’ and infants’ salivary cortisol response in relation to the use of pacifier and oral glucose. Eur. J. Pain. 2009;13:202–208
  27. Myrtek M, Foerster F. The law of initial value: a rare exception. Biol. Psychol. 1986;22:227–237
  28. Nachmias M, Gunnar M, Mangelsdorf S, Parritz RH, Buss K. Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: the moderating role of attachment security. Child Dev. 1996;67:508–522
  29. Nater UM, Rohleder N. Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system:. Curr. State Res. Psychoneuroendocrinol. 2009;34:486–496
  30. Nelson N, Arbring K, Theodorsson E. Neonatal salivary cortisol in response to heelstick: method modifications enable analysis of low concentrations and small sample volumes. Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest. 2001;61:287–291
  31. Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. In:  Hertzig ME,  Farber EA editor. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development: 2000–2001. New York: Brunner-Routledge; 2003;p. 21–42
  32. Ramsay DS, Lewis M. Developmental change in infant cortisol and behavioral response to inoculation. Child Dev. 1994;65:1491–1502
  33. Ramsay D, Lewis M. Reactivity and regulation in cortisol and behavioral responses to stress. Child Dev. 2003;74:456–464
  34. Rice MJ, Records K. Comparative analysis of physiological adaptation of neonates of abused and nonabused mothers. J. Forensic Nurs. 2008;4:80–90
  35. Rohleder N, Nater UM. Determinants of salivary a-amylase in humans and methodological considerations. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:469–485
  36. Tarullo AR, Gunnar MR. Child maltreatment and the developing HPA axis. Horm. Behav. 2006;50:632–639
  37. Van Bakel HJ, Riksen-Walraven JM. Stress reactivity in 15-month-old infants: links with infant temperament, cognitive competence, and attachment security. Dev. Psychobiol. 2004;44:157–167
  38. Walker RF, Riad-Fahmy D, Read GF. Adrenal status assessed by direct radioimmunoassay of cortisol in whole saliva or parotid saliva. Clin. Chem. 1978;24:1460–1463
  39. Wilder J. The law of initial values in neurology and psychiatry facts and problems. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1956;125:73
  40. Zeifman DM. An ethological analysis of human infant crying: answering Tinbergen's four questions. Dev. Psychobiol. 2001;39:265–285

PII: S0306-4530(09)00217-0

doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.008

Psychoneuroendocrinology
Volume 35, Issue 3 , Pages 329-338 , April 2010